Daslang 0.5 Reference Manual

Copyright (c) 2018-2024 Gaijin Entertainment

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Performance.
  • 1.2. How it looks?
  • 1.3. Generic programming and type system
  • 1.4. Compilation time macros
  • 1.5. Features
• 2. The language
  • 2.1. Lexical Structure
    • 2.1.1. Identifiers
    • 2.1.2. Keywords
    • 2.1.3. Operators
    • 2.1.4. Other tokens
    • 2.1.5. Literals
    • 2.1.6. Comments
    • 2.1.7. Semantic Indenting
  • 2.2. Values and Data Types
    • 2.2.1. Integer
    • 2.2.2. Float
    • 2.2.3. Bool
    • 2.2.4. String
    • 2.2.5. Table
    • 2.2.6. Array
    • 2.2.7. Struct
    • 2.2.8. Classes
    • 2.2.9. Variant
    • 2.2.10. Tuple
    • 2.2.11. Enumeration
    • 2.2.12. Bitfield
    • 2.2.13. Function
    • 2.2.14. Reference
    • 2.2.15. Pointers
    • 2.2.16. Iterators
  • 2.3. Statements
    • 2.3.1. Visibility Block
    • 2.3.2. Control Flow Statements
    • 2.3.3. Ranged Loops
    • 2.3.4. break
    • 2.3.5. continue
    • 2.3.6. return
    • 2.3.7. yield
    • 2.3.8. Finally statement
    • 2.3.9. Local variables declaration
    • 2.3.10. Function declaration
    • 2.3.11. try/recover
    • 2.3.12. panic
    • 2.3.13. global variables
    • 2.3.14. enum
    • 2.3.15. Expression statement
  • 2.4. Expressions
    • 2.4.1. Assignment
    • 2.4.2. Operators
    • 2.4.3. Array Initializer
    • 2.4.4. Struct, Class, and Handled Type Initializer
    • 2.4.5. Tuple Initializer
    • 2.4.6. Variant Initializer
    • 2.4.7. Table Initializer
  • 2.5. Temporary types
  • 2.6. Built-in Functions
    • 2.6.1. Invoke
    • 2.6.2. Misc
  • 2.7. Clone
    • 2.7.1. Cloning rules and implementation details
    • 2.7.2. clone_to_move implementation
  • 2.8. Unsafe
  • 2.9. implicit
  • 2.10. Table
  • 2.11. Array
  • 2.12. Function
    • 2.12.1. Function declaration
    • 2.12.2. OOP-style calls
    • 2.12.3. Tail Recursion
    • 2.12.4. Operator Overloading
    • 2.12.5. Overloading the ‘.’ and ‘?.’ operators
    • 2.12.6. Overloading accessors
  • 2.13. Modules
    • 2.13.1. Native modules
    • 2.13.2. Builtin modules
    • 2.13.3. Shared modules
    • 2.13.4. Module function visibility
  • 2.14. Block
  • 2.15. Lambda
    • 2.15.1. Capture
    • 2.15.2. Iterators
    • 2.15.3. Implementation details
  • 2.16. Struct
    • 2.16.1. Struct Declaration
    • 2.16.2. Structure Function Members
    • 2.16.3. Inheritance
    • 2.16.4. Alignment
    • 2.16.5. OOP
  • 2.17. Tuple
  • 2.18. Variant
    • 2.18.1. Alignment and data layout
  • 2.19. Class
    • 2.19.1. Implementation details
  • 2.20. Constants, Enumerations, Global variables
    • 2.20.1. Constant
    • 2.20.2. Global variable
    • 2.20.3. Enumeration
  • 2.21. Bitfield
  • 2.22. Comprehension
  • 2.23. Iterator
    • 2.23.1. builtin iterators
    • 2.23.2. builtin iteration functions
    • 2.23.3. low level builtin iteration functions
    • 2.23.4. next implementation details
  • 2.24. Generator
    • 2.24.1. implementation details
  • 2.25. Finalizer
    • 2.25.1. Rules and implementation details
  • 2.26. String Builder
  • 2.27. Generic Programming
    • 2.27.1. typeinfo
    • 2.27.2. auto and auto(named)
    • 2.27.3. type contracts and type operations
    • 2.27.4. options
    • 2.27.5. typedecl
    • 2.27.6. generic tuples and type<> expressions
  • 2.28. Macros
    • 2.28.1. Compilation passes
    • 2.28.2. Invoking macros
    • 2.28.3. AstFunctionAnnotation
    • 2.28.4. AstBlockAnnotation
    • 2.28.5. AstStructureAnnotation
    • 2.28.6. AstEnumerationAnnotation
    • 2.28.7. AstVariantMacro
    • 2.28.8. AstReaderMacro
    • 2.28.9. AstCallMacro
    • 2.28.10. AstPassMacro
    • 2.28.11. AstTypeInfoMacro
    • 2.28.12. AstForLoopMacro
    • 2.28.13. AstCaptureMacro
    • 2.28.14. AstCommentReader
    • 2.28.15. AstSimulateMacro
    • 2.28.16. AstVisitor
  • 2.29. Reification
    • 2.29.1. Simple example
    • 2.29.2. Quote macros
    • 2.29.3. Escape sequences
  • 2.30. Pattern matching
    • 2.30.1. Enumeration Matching
    • 2.30.2. Matching Variants
    • 2.30.3. Declaring Variables in Pattern Matching
    • 2.30.4. Matching Structs
    • 2.30.5. Using Guards
    • 2.30.6. Tuple Matching
    • 2.30.7. Matching Static Arrays
    • 2.30.8. Dynamic Array Matching
    • 2.30.9. Match Expressions
    • 2.30.10. Matching with || Expression
    • 2.30.11. [match_as_is] Structure Annotation
    • 2.30.12. [match_copy] Structure Annotation
    • 2.30.13. Static Matching
    • 2.30.14. match_type
    • 2.30.15. Multi-Match
  • 2.31. Context
    • 2.31.1. Initialization and shutdown
    • 2.31.2. Macro contexts
    • 2.31.3. Locking
    • 2.31.4. Lookups
  • 2.32. Locks
    • 2.32.1. Context locks
    • 2.32.2. Array and Table locks
    • 2.32.3. Array and Table lock checking
• 3. Embedding Daslang into C++
  • 3.1. Daslang Virtual Machine
    • 3.1.1. Tree-based Interpretion
    • 3.1.2. Execution Context
  • 3.2. Modules and C++ bindings
    • 3.2.1. Builtin modules
    • 3.2.2. ModuleAotType
    • 3.2.3. Builtin module constants
    • 3.2.4. Builtin module enumerations
    • 3.2.5. Builtin module data types
    • 3.2.6. Builtin module macros
    • 3.2.7. Builtin module functions
    • 3.2.8. Function side-effects
    • 3.2.9. File access
    • 3.2.10. Project
  • 3.3. C++ ABI and type factory infrastructure
    • 3.3.1. Cast
    • 3.3.2. Type factory
    • 3.3.3. Type aliases
  • 3.4. Exposing C++ handled types
    • 3.4.1. TypeAnnotation
    • 3.4.2. ManagedStructureAnnotation
    • 3.4.3. DummyTypeAnnotation
    • 3.4.4. ManagedVectorAnnotation
    • 3.4.5. ManagedValueAnnotation
  • 3.5. Ahead of time compilation and C++ operation bindings
    • 3.5.1. das_index
    • 3.5.2. das_iterator
    • 3.5.3. AOT template function
    • 3.5.4. AOT settings for individual functions
    • 3.5.5. AOT prefix and suffix
    • 3.5.6. AOT field prefix and suffix